Pharmacotherapy can be prescribed short-term and should ideally be used in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapies.Biofeedback involves giving the patient visual or auditory feedback to promote muscle relaxation and other sleep-promoting physical parameters. ![]() These include stimulus control, relaxation training, sleep restriction, and paradoxical intention. Cognitive-behavioral therapyrefers to one or more of a set of cognitive and/or behavioral interventions that have demonstrated efficacy in treating insomnia.Other disorders, such as the parasomnias, are not associated with disturbances in the quantity or timing of sleep per se, but are instead associated with behavioral disturbances during sleep or frequent highly distressing dreams.Ĭlinical research and practice guidelines suggest that the following treatments are effective: Some sleep-wake disorders, including insomnia disorder and hypersomnolence disorder, are associated with disturbances in the amount of time the individual spends asleep (too much or too little) or the times at which the individual sleeps (often outside of the desired sleeping window). Individuals with parasomnias such as non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorder and nightmare disorder experience unusual behaviors while sleeping, such as sleep walking, or vivid and disturbing dreams or night terrors. Individuals with hypersomnolence disorder feel excessively sleepy during the day, despite obtaining what for most people would be a full night of sleep. Individuals with insomnia disorder have frequent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. All rights reserved.These disorders are broadly characterized by disruptions in sleep and wakefulness. ICD-10 insomnia disorder has the lowest prevalence, perhaps because excessive concern and preoccupation, one of its diagnostic criteria, is not always present in people with insomnia.ĭSM-5 DSM-IV-TR ICD-10 ICSD-2 Insomnia Prevalence.Ĭopyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. ![]() The prevalence is reduced by half from DSM-IV to DSM-5. The weighted prevalence of DSM-IV, ICD-10, ICSD-2, and any of the three insomnia disorders was 22.1%, 4.7%, 15.1%, and 22.1%, respectively for DSM-5 insomnia disorder, it was 10.8%.Ĭompared with 22.1%, 3.9%, and 14.7% for DSM-IV, ICD-10, and ICSD-2 in the AIS, cross-cultural difference in the prevalence of insomnia disorder is less than what is expected. When quantitative criteria were included, the prevalence dropped the most from 39.9% to 8.4% for non-restorative sleep, and the least from 14.0% to 12.9% for difficulty falling asleep. The weighted prevalence of difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, waking up too early, and non-restorative sleep that occurred ≥3 days per week was 14.0%, 28.3%, 32.1%, and 39.9%, respectively. ![]() Population-based epidemiological survey respondents (n = 2011) completed the Brief Insomnia Questionnaire (BIQ), a validated scale generating DSM-IV, DSM-5, ICD-10, and ICSD-2 insomnia disorder. To compare the prevalence of insomnia according to symptoms, quantitative criteria, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th and 5th Edition (DSM-IV and DSM-5), International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10), and International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd Edition (ICSD-2), and to compare the prevalence of insomnia disorder between Hong Kong and the United States by adopting a similar methodology used by the America Insomnia Survey (AIS).
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